Different Sounds in
However, if you need a short cut to the various sounds, they have got a list of
consonants and vowels and also a list of diphthongs (two vowels together). Just click on the symbol of
the sound to access the information on that particular sound. Look out for the "loudspeaker"
symbol and click that to listen to the sound.
JSRU transcription system
In our research, we employ a machine readable transcription system instead of
the standard IPA symbols which cannot be understood by computers. The JSRU
(Joint Speech Research Unit) alphabet is a system developed for text-to-speech
synthesis.
· Lesson on JSRU transcription system
·
Examples of JSRU transcription of some
commonly used words
A. Word Boundaries
A Word Boundary is put in front of the phonetic transcription:
· A function word is preceded by a forward slash "/"
· A content word is preceded by a colon ":"
·
Lesson and examples on word boundary
markers
B. Syllable Boundaries
A Syllable Boundary is put in front of the
phonetic transcription of each syllable. The markers are used to mark syllable
boundaries as well as stress level of syllables.
· Lesson and examples on syllable boundary
markers
C. Tone Unit boundaries
A simplified version of tone unit boundary is used. It just makes use of the
basic punctuation marks: '.' (full-stop), ',' (comma), ';' (semi-colon), and
'?' (question mark).
Follow this link to a
page of examples on fluent and dysfluenct speech we
have collected and classified.
All dysfluencies are marked in the phonetic
transcriptions.
· Lesson and examples on marking dysfluencies
When transcribing the speech data, there are a few practical points one has to note.
·
Conventions and hints in transcribing
Exercise One
Exercise Two
Exercise Three
Exercise Four
Exercise Five
Exercise Six
Exercise Seven
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
Example 8
We have developed an explanation
how stuttering starts in the speech errors that all children exhibit. According
to this account, all children repeat simple words that precede more complex
ones. This buys extra time to plan the difficult word that is coming up. Thus,
in the phrase "I split it", fluent and stuttering children would
anticipate difficulty on the word "split" because it starts with
three consonants. So, they might say something like "I, I, I split
it" to get more time to prepare it. Linguists divide words into function and content words. Simple words (like "I" in this example)
are instances of function words. As speech errors on function words occur in
all speakers speech, they are not considered a characteristic that leads to
long term stuttering.
We have found that the speech of children who do not grow out of their stutter
show a change in the pattern of their speech. They stop repeating function
words and carry on and try and say the content word before they are ready. So,
using the earlier example, they might say "I ssssplit
it"). We have in this example a prolongation of the "s" sound
but might also have a repetition of the first part of the word ("I s.s.s.split it"). The change in the pattern of
stuttering is to part of the word
rather than the whole word and onto the more complex class of word (the content
word we mentioned above).
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Exercise 8
You are going to listen to some speech recording and you
have to mark the stuttering episodes online.
|
You will need to have a sound card and
speakers/headphones with your computer. You will also need a browser which
supports Java 1.2 and the Java plugin 1.2.2 or above. If you don't have
the plugin, the pages will actually put you through to the site to download
it. You will therefore need at least Netscape 4.05 or Internet
Explorer 4.0. |
If you haven't done this yet, please try this basic technique in identifying sounds by
listening to some sounds and responding to them.
Now try with real speech…
First Exercise in
locating stuttering.
Second Exercise in locating stuttering.
Third Exercise in locating stuttering.
Fourth Exercise in locating stuttering.
· Another online phonetics course from the Department of
Linguistics,
· The sounds of the IPA (Department of Phonetics, UCL)
· International Phonetic Association with link to IPA symbols with a full chart
· IPA (and other) fonts from the Summer Institute of Linguistics. IPA fonts in our pages are derived from this source.